How Oxidative Stress Impacts Egg Quality: Reflections From My Research

By Dr. Pravin T. Goud

Egg quality is one of the most important, yet often least understood factors in fertility. As clinicians, embryologists, and patients, we often speak about “good eggs” and “poor-quality eggs,” but the biology behind those terms is far more intricate than what can be seen under a standard microscope.

Over the years, my research has focused on understanding what defines egg quality and what actually shapes egg quality at the cellular level. One of the most significant contributors is oxidative stress, a state in fwhich the body produces more reactive molecules than it can naturally neutralize. These molecules are broadly known as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and they play necessary roles in normal physiology, but in excess, they can be deeply damaging.

In one of my studies, my colleagues and I explored how a specific oxidants like superoxide contribute to the production of peroxynitrite and alters the internal architectural dynamics of the oocyte. These insights continue to shape how I think about fertility care today. 

Why Egg Structure Matters

For an egg to develop into a healthy embryo, it must divide its chromosomes with extraordinary precision. This process is guided by the meiotic spindle, a delicate, dynamic structure made of microtubules. The spindle’s task is simple in concept but remarkably complex in execution: it must align and separate chromosomes evenly during fertilization.

Supporting the spindle is the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), which includes a scaffolding protein called pericentrin. When the spindle and MTOC are intact and functioning, the egg has a greater chance of producing a chromosomally normal embryo. When they are disrupted, even slightly so, the consequences can include fertilization failure, early embryo arrest, or chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo.

What We Discovered About Oxidative Stress

In our study, we exposed mature mouse oocytes to increasing levels of peroxynitrite. This oxidant is naturally produced in the body, particularly under inflammatory or metabolic conditions such as endometriosis, diabetes, or chronic stress.

The changes we observed, even at low levels of oxidative stress, were significant.

1. Early, subtle disruption

At mild exposure, the spindle began to lose its ideal shape. It shortened and widened slightly, while pericentrin, which is normally tightly clustered at the spindle poles, started to disperse.

What this means: Even low-grade oxidative stress can quietly undermine egg stability.

2. Distortion under moderate stress

As exposure increased, the spindle bent into curved or twisted shapes. Chromosomes drifted away from their proper alignment. Pericentrin moved away from the polar axis, indicating deeper structural imbalance.

What this means: At this stage, the egg may look outwardly normal, but it is already compromised.

3. Severe damage at high stress levels

With high oxidative stress, the spindle collapsed entirely. Pericentrin became undetectable, and chromosomes no longer aligned or separated properly.

What this means: An egg under significant oxidative stress cannot reliably support fertilization or embryo development.

We also observed that cumulus cells, which normally protect and nourish the egg, were unable to defend against peroxynitrite. This suggests that certain oxidative pathways bypass the egg’s natural protective barriers altogether.

Why These Findings Matter in Real Fertility Care

Although this study was conducted using mouse oocytes, the biological principles it reveals are highly relevant to human fertility.

Explaining unexpected outcomes

Patients sometimes experience unexpected fertilization failure, poor embryo progression, or consistent aneuploid embryos despite normal ovarian reserve. Oxidative stress may be one of the hidden contributors.

Limitations of visual grading

Traditional egg grading evaluates only external appearance. However, oxidative stress causes internal changes that are invisible to the eye. This highlights the need for more advanced biomarkers and analytic tools that assess the spindle and MTOC directly.

A foundation for more personalized care

This research helps support the scientific rationale for:

• Managing inflammatory and metabolic conditions
• Optimizing antioxidant balance
• Reducing environmental exposures
• Tailoring stimulation protocols to minimize cellular stress

Egg quality is shaped by more than age alone. By understanding the underlying cell biology, we can better support individuals and couples through their fertility journey.

Looking Ahead

Improving egg quality is one of the most important challenges in reproductive medicine. By identifying how oxidative stress disrupts the spindle, affects chromosome alignment, and weakens the egg’s internal support systems, we gain clearer insight into why some eggs fail to progress and how underlying biological factors influence reproductive outcomes.

Continued research in this area will help refine how we evaluate oocytes, interpret treatment responses, and design approaches that support the healthiest possible eggs.